Palliative and Hospice for End of Life Care Essay Example for Free

Palliative and Hospice for End of Life Care Essay The notion of death and the process of dying are often experienced as tragedies, especially in the western culture. Thus, the medical model of care performed in our western culture includes life-saving measures and curative treatments. However, there may be a time in a person’s life when a cure may no longer be an option. That is the time when palliative or hospice care can step in to afford the patient and the family the opportunity to maximize the remaining time spent together. This paper will compare and contrast palliative care with the hospice model. In addition, end-of-life care related to physical well-being, psychological well-being, social well-being, and spiritual well-being will be addressed based on my experience as a student nurse with Hospice of San Joaquin. Finally, the views of end-of-life care will be discussed as it relates to the hospice model. Palliative care and hospice care share a common thread. They are both models of care that take a holistic and individualized approach to anticipate and alleviate the symptoms and suffering that arise from chronic and terminal illnesses (Witt Sherman, D. , Cheon, J. , 2012). They both encompass the patient and family as the center of care and provide comprehensive assessments and comfort measures to patients with terminal illnesses. The care continues past the death of the patient and can continue into the bereavement period for family. Hospice will continue to support the bereaved family up to one year past the death of the patient (Hospice of San Joaquin, 2010). Both models utilize an interdisciplinary approach to care with team members that include physicians, nurses, social workers, spiritual members, massage therapists, and home health aids and others. Palliative care can be utilized during any time during the course of an illness and disease process. The cost of cure can be extensive and both palliative and hospice care limit medical interventions that can significantly increase healthcare costs. Data substantiating improved quality of life for the patient and the families as well as improved coordination of care have been identified as valuable outcomes in both palliative and hospice care (Hospice of San Joaquin, 2010). Both models allow for services to be provided in the home, in extended care facilities, hospitals, and community home-based programs and outpatient clinics (Witt Sherman, D. , Cheon, J. , 2012). The differences between the programs are centered on the time the care is available. Palliative care is available during any point of the illness from time of diagnosis through the bereavement period for families. In addition, palliative care may be offered while life-prolonging treatments are being administered (Witt Sherman, D. Cheon, J. , 2012). Hospice care is available during the end of life and typically, but not always, takes place the last six months of the patient’s life. If the dying process exceeds six months, hospice care can be suspended and restarted when the patient’s life expectancy falls below six months (Hospice of San Joaquin, 2010). Hospice care may be offered in all settings previously mentioned, as well as hospice units and residential hospices (Witt Sherman, D. , Cheon, J. , 2012).

Injuries and Ailments of Hamsters :: Hamsters Animals Veternarians Essays

Injuries and Ailments of Hamsters In general, hamsters (especially those in the wild) are robust little animals and aren't affected by many natural diseases. But, they are very susceptible to the infectious diseases of other animals, including humans. Many of the problems and ailments now associated with hamsters are a direct result of captivity. Because they are small, a minor illness can rapidly become major if immediate treatment isn't pursued. Since they are nocturnal many of the early signs of illness are not noticed. To insure good health, hamsters should be checked regularly: to include eating habits, exercise habits, teeth, limbs, body check for lumps, cuts and abrasions, etc. etc. A sick hamster generally becomes irritable and "bitey." They frequently become lethargic or walk almost stiff-legged if forced to move or may sit in a "hunched" position. The eyes are usually dull, sunken and sometimes watery. And, they don't eat much, which results in weight loss. SYMPTOM POSSIBLE CAUSE Blood in Urine Bladder & Kidney Infection Bloody Diarrhea Intussusception Breathing Heavy Shock - Colds & Influenza Broken Limb Broken Limb Bulging Anus Constipation - Intussusception - Rectal Prolapse Closed Eye(s) Impacted Pouch - Irritated Eyes Constipation Endoparasites Crusty Lesions in ears, face, feet Ear Mites Cuts & Bites Abscesses - Cuts & Bites Dragging Hind Quarters Broken Limb - Cage Paralysis - Hind Limb Paralysis Dry Scaly Skin Demodicosis - Mange - Mites - Ringworm - Sarcoptic Mange Eating Babies Cannibalism Eggs in Feces Endoparasites Excessive Drinking Bladder & Kidney Infection - Diabetes Extreme Diarrhea Tyzzer's Disease - Wet Tail Eye Rupture Eye Prolapse

Essay on dickin’s journey to niagra Essay

Dickens felt transported by the sublimity of Niagara Falls when he visited it on his 1842 journey to the United States and Canada. In a letter to Forster (26 April 1842), he said of Horseshoe Falls (the Canadian side of Niagara) that â€Å"It would be hard for a man to stand nearer God than he does there† (Letters 3: 210). Dickens proceeds to effuse over the beauty and majesty of the falls in a passage that forms the chief part of his description of his experience in American Notes, although the letter actually offers the superior account: There was a bright rainbow at my feet; and from that I looked up to –great Heaven! To what a fall of bright green water! The broad, deep, mighty stream seems to die in the act of falling; and, from its unfathomable grave arises that tremendous ghost of spray and mist which is never laid, and has been haunting this place with the same dread solemnity–perhaps from the creation of the world (Letters 3: 210-11). In this essay, I analyze Dickens’s reaction to Niagara Falls in the context of other British travel narratives from the previous decade, and examine how Niagara speaks to Dickens of life after death (as he describes it above, the falls die and then rise again in ghostly mist). His profound experience at Niagara Falls shaped his treatment of climactic, transcendent moments in subsequent novels; in particular, from this point on Dickens repeatedly uses water imagery (especially seas, swamps and rivers) as symbols of death, rebirth, transformation and of being disturbed with â€Å"the joy of elevated thoughts,† to use Wordsworth’s phrase in â€Å"Tintern Abbey.† But Dickens’s reaction was more than just a typical Romantic experience, similar to those of other nineteenth-century British travelers; it was in part shaped by his overall disappointment in America and his relief to be on English ground again. Niagara Falls fulfills several definitions of the sublime. Philosophers since Longinus have used the term â€Å"sublime† to refer to experiences that go beyond the everyday, that inspire awe, that involve a sense of grandeur, that elevate one’s thoughts and feelings and that exceed the capacity of human descriptive powers. Longinus, of course, used the term in reference to rhetoric, but later philosophers found many of the same qualities in sublime scenes of nature. Edmund Burke in his Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (1757) emphasized the role of terror in the sublime, for only the presence of fear, he felt, could account for the complete overwhelming of all other thoughts and sensations in experiencing sublime scenes in nature. Alexander Gerard in â€Å"An Essay on Taste† (1759) stressed the importance of physical immensity in the experience of the sublime: â€Å"When a large object is presented, the mind expands itself to the extent of that object, and is filled with one grand sensation, which totally possessing it, composes it into a solemn sedateness and strikes it with deep silent wonder and admiration† (11). Similarly, the Romantics, and particularly Wordsworth, felt that natural scenes that impress the viewer with their immensity and particularly their power, such as mountains or waterfalls, create sublime sensations that feed the soul and the poetic imagination both at the moment and in the future by the aid of imagination and memory. Niagara Falls embodies all the qualities traditionally associated with the sublime–its immensity, power, and beauty overawe viewers, reminding them, particularly in nineteenth-century accounts, of the presence of other awe-inspiring forces such as death and God. Niagara Falls, oddly enough, fits even the scientific definition of sublime, which is â€Å"to cause to pass from solid to the vapor state by heating and againcondense to solid form.† Not by heating but by motion and pressure the falls turn water into vapor, the ever present mist that surrounds them, and the vapor eventually returns again to the falls, a cycle that led Dickens to use death/resurrection imagery in the description quoted above (i.e. â€Å"The broad, deep, mighty stream seems to die in the act of falling; and, from its unfathomable grave arises that tremendous ghost of spray and mist which is never laid†). It is the never-ending presence of great volumes of spray that leads to the ever-present rainbows in descriptions and paintings of the falls, such as Frederic Church’s famous 1857 painting, â€Å"Niagara.† The rainbows naturally heighten the spiritual effect of the falls as they are the perfect image of a bridge between earth and heaven and are the symbol of God’s covenant with man in the flood story in Genesis. They are also a striking conjunction of energy (light) and matter (water particles) and as  such are a powerful metaphor for the presence of the divine on earth. It is the rainbows that seem to move Dickens the most on his second visit to Niagara in 1868, a quarter of a century after his first visit, a trip he took purely for pleasure. As he wrote to Forster on March 16, 1868: The majestic valley below the Falls, so seen through the vast cloud of spray, was made of rainbow. The high banks, the riven rocks, the forests, the bridge, the buildings, the air, the sky, were all made of rainbow. Nothing in Turner’s finest water-colour drawings, done in his greatest day, is so ethereal, so imaginative, so gorgeous in colour, as what I then beheld. I seemed to be lifted from the earth and to be looking into Heaven. What I once said to you, as I witnessed the scene five and twenty years ago, all came back at this most affecting and sublime sight (Letters 12: 75). Dickens was certainly not the only English tourist to be awed by Niagara Falls. In fact, his visit there, and even his mystical effusions about it, could be considered customary and necessary elements of any narrative of travels through America and Canada. As Amanda Claybaugh states in The Novel of Purpose: Literature and Social Reform in the Anglo-American World, â€Å"the conventional itinerary included the †¦ [main] natural sites (the Mississippi River, the prairies of the West, and above all else, Niagara Falls)† (71-2). In Domestic Manners of the Americans (1832), Frances Trollope refers to all the chief elements of the sublime in her description of Niagara Falls, repeatedly expressing that they defy description and that in viewing them â€Å"wonder, terror, and delight† overwhelmed her (337). â€Å"I wept with a strange mixture of pleasure and of pain,† she writes, â€Å"and certainly was, for some time, too violently affected†¦. to be capable of much pleasure; but when this emotion of the senses subsided †¦ my enjoyment was very great indeed.† She notes the mystical effect of the falls as well: â€Å"It has to me something beyond its vastness,† over which â€Å"a shadowy mystery hangs,† which â€Å"neither the eye nor even the imagination can penetrate† (337). Harriet Martineau visited the falls in 1834 and, like Trollope and Dickens, associated them with the mystical: â€Å"to offer an idea of Niagara by writing of hues and dimensions is much like representing the kingdom of  Heaven by images of jasper and topazes† (96). On her second visit to the falls months later, Martineau descended the stairs behind the falls and wrote: From the moment that I perceived that we were actually behind the cataract, and not in a mere cloud of spray, the enjoyment was intense. I not only saw the watery curtain before me like tempest-driven snow, but by momentary glances could see the crystal roof of this most wonderful of Nature’s palaces (104). Perhaps the oddest narrative of a British visit to Niagara Falls comes from Captain Frederick Marryat, who wrote about his 1837 trip to the falls in his Diary in America, published in 1839: As I stood on the brink above the falls, continuing for a considerable time to watch the great mass of water tumbling, dancing, capering, and rushing wildly along †¦ I could not help wishing that I too had been made of such stuff as would have enabled me to have joined it; with it to have rushed innocuously down the precipice; to have rolled uninjured into the deep unfathomable gulf below (111). The longer he stood there the more the urge to jump into the falls rose in him until he had to pull himself away, an experience that testifies to the terror that Burke argued was inherent in the sublime, a terror that Trollope experienced but Dickens denied feeling in viewing the falls. As it turns out, Marryat might have done himself a favor to jump, for as Jules Zanger, the editor of his diary, asserts, â€Å"of all the literary lions who have made their progress through †¦ America †¦ the most tactless and blundering was Captain Frederick Marryat.† Zanger points out that Marryat began his journey as an â€Å"honored guest,† but before he concluded his trip, â€Å"he had been threatened by a lynch mob, had watched his books burned in public bonfires, and †¦ had seen himself hung in effigy [twice] by angry crowds† (9). He had a habit, it seems, of regularly saying the wrong thing, a habit that at times carries over into his travel narrative, as in a bizarre passage where he wishes he could transport Niagara Falls to Italy and pour them down Mount Vesuvius and thereby â€Å"create the largest steamboiler that ever entered into the imagination of man† (111). Later, Marryat counters the oddness of this image with the more conventional statement that the voice of Niagara was the  voice of the Almighty, and that a Presbyterian minister he heard nearby should have preached on its message instead of on the uninspiring and hackneyed subject of temperance (112). These were the American journeys and narratives most in the British public eye when Dickens embarked on his trip to North America. In this context, his ecstatic description of the falls may seem rather ordinary. Romanticism was still the dominant cultural influence at the time, so one was expected to have Romantic effusions about iconic Romantic scenes. (1) But while the journey to the falls may have become customary, and the experiences of the sublime similar in most narratives, yet the effect was still profound for Dickens, as one can see particularly in the letters where he goes beyond the vague, mystical language often associated with the sublime and makes specific personal connections with the falls. As I have pointed out above, the falls made Dickens think almost immediately of the cycle of death and resurrection with the falls descending into the abyss and rising again in spray. But even more specifically they reminded him of his beloved sister-in-law Mary who had died suddenly seven years earlier. As he wrote to Forster from Niagara, â€Å"what would I give if the dear girl whose ashes lie in Kensal-green, had lived to come so far along with us.† But then he takes back the wish because he decides that she must have â€Å"been here many times, I doubt not, since her sweet face faded from my earthly sight† (Letters 3: 211). His associating the falls with Mary’s death and her continuing spiritual presence on earth allows Dickens to make the falls his own, at least in part. They become linked to a personal family tragedy and offer a consolation for her loss. But Dickens makes another personal connection with the falls. In letters written from Niagara, he repeatedly adds to the date the phrase â€Å"Niagara Falls (Upon the English Side)† with â€Å"English† underscored with as many as ten dashes. He only does this in letters to his English friends, of course–including Forster, Mitton and Beard, as if to express a sense of relief. After Dickens’s well-known disappointments with Americans–his exasperation with their greed, their spitting, their lack of respect for privacy and copyright laws, not to mention their slavery–topics covered  fully in American Notes and in letters–being among English on English turf must have been a welcome experience. Writing to Forster on 26 April 1842, Dickens mentions that there were two English officers with them as they first approached the falls, and he exclaims â€Å"ah! What gentlemen, what noblemen of nature they seemed,† implying that he had not seen much of their kind in the States (Letters 3: 210). In emphasizing the English side of the falls, Dickens once again seems to imagine a personal connection to something that transcends the personal. He tries to come to terms with the sublimity of the falls, reduce them at least in part to his level, make them part of himself, part of his family story, part of his Englishness. In this way he can own his experience of the falls, anchor it mentally and emotionally and then use it later in his fiction, as he indeed does. His account of the falls in American Notes lacks some of the interest of his descriptions in letters precisely because he leaves out the personal connections he makes in correspondence, no doubt deeming them inappropriate for the public narrative. Having made these personal associations between the falls and the death and spiritual presence of Mary and between the sublime and the English, it is not surprising, then, that Dickens would work the falls and other powerful images of water into his portrayals of death, transformations, and transcendent moments in his subsequent novels. In order to gauge the change we must first look at the imagery Dickens used for such moments in his earlier novels. In the novels Dickens published before visiting Niagara in 1842, he frequently gestured toward transcendence in death scenes and in concluding chapters, but the imagery he used tends to center on sunny little communities, flowers and other greenery, angels, and churches. Consider Mr. Pickwick’s cheery rural community at the end of his tale–not transcendent, perhaps, but in the bond between Pickwick and Sam which â€Å"nothing but death will sever† certainly leaning to the legendary (ch. 57). Or consider the â€Å"gentle light† that Rose Maylie sheds as she stands with Oliver by Agnes’s tomb in Oliver Twist (both characters are suffused with light in Cruikshank’s last illustration). Nicholas Nickleby ends with a summery community of Nicklebys and friends with their children strewing flowers on Smike’s grave–Phiz nicely captures the feeling of summer and sunshine in  his final illustration (Figure 1). As Dickens describes the scene: The grass was green above the dead boy’s grave, and trodden by feet so small and light, that not a daisy drooped its head beneath their pressure. Through all the spring and summer-time, garlands of fresh flowers wreathed by infant hands rested upon the stone, and when the children came to change them lest they should wither and be pleasant to him no longer, their eyes filled with tears, and they spoke low and softly of their poor dead cousin† (ch. 64). Barr, Alan P. â€Å"Mourning Becomes David: Loss and the Victorian Restoration of Young Copperfield.† Dickens Quarterly 24 (June 2007): 63-77. Berard, Jane. Dickens and Landscape Discourse. New York: Peter Lang, 2007. Claybaugh, Amanda. The Novel of Purpose: Literature and Social Reform in the Anglo-American World. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 2007. Dickens, Charles. The Pilgrim Edition of the Letters of Charles Dickens. Vols. 3, 12. Ed. Madeline House, et al. Oxford: Clarendon, 1974-2002. Gerard, Alexander. â€Å"An Essay on Taste.† Intro. Walter J. Hipple. 3rd ed. 1780. Gainesville: U of Florida P, 1963. Marryat, Captain Frederck. Diary in America. Ed. by Jules Zanger. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1960. Martineau, Harriet. Retrospect of Western Travel. Vol. 1. 1838. New York: Johnson, 1968. Metz, Nancy Aycock. The Companion to Martin Chuzzlewit. Robertsbridge: Helm Information, 2001. Page, Norman. Ed. and Intro. The Old Curiosity Shop. NY: Penguin, 2000. Poole, Adrian. Ed. and Intro. Our Mutual Friend. NY: Penguin, 1997. Slater, Michael. Ed. Dickens’ Journalism. Dent Uniform Edition. Vol. 2. London: J. M. Dent, 1997. Trollope, Frances. Domestic Manners of the Americans. London: Routledge, 1927. NATALIE MCKNIGHT (Boston University) NOTES (1) Jane Berard sees Dickens’s description of the falls simply as customary, but pays scant attention to his descriptions in letters (51). (2) Recent examples include Michelle Allen’s Cleansing the City: Sanitary Geographies in Victorian London, Athens, OH: U of Ohio P, 2007; Leon Litvack’s â€Å"Images of the River in Our Mutual Friend,† Dickens Quarterly 20.1 (2003): 34-55; and Pamela Gilbert’s â€Å"Medical Mapping: The Thames, the Body, and Our Mutual Friend,† in Filth, Dirt, Disgust and Modern Life, ed. by William A. Cohen and Ryan Johnson, Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2005, 78-102. (3) â€Å"Transmutation of Species,† AYR (9 March 1861), 519-21. Dickens was aware of other theories related to evolution as well, and refers to â€Å"the Monboddo doctrine †¦ of the human race having once been monkeys† in the first chapter of Martin Chuzzlewit (Metz 37-9) and to Robert Chambers’s Vestiges (1844) in a review of Robert Hunt’s Poetry of Science published in The Examiner in 1848 (Slater 2: 129-34). In addition, Household Words included F. T. Buckland’s â€Å"Old Bones,† (24 Sept. 1853) and Henry Morley’s â€Å"Our Phantom Ship on an Antediluvian Cruise† (16 Aug. 1851). See also Natalie McKnight, â€Å"Dickens and Darwin: A Rhetoric of Pets,† The Dickensian 102 (2006), 131-43. COPYRIGHT 2009 Dickens Society of America No portion of this article can be reproduced without the express written permission from the copyright holder. Copyright 2009 Gale, Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. Please bookmark with social media, your votes are noticed and appreciated:

Biography of Christine de Pizan, Medieval Writer

Christine de Pizan (1364 to 1430), born in Venice, Italy, was an Italian writer and political and moral thinker during the late medieval period. She became a prominent writer at the French court during the reign of Charles VI, writing on literature, morals, and politics, among other topics. She  was noted for her unusually outspoken defense of women. Her writings remained influential and oft-printed through the 16th  century, and her work returned to prominence during the mid-20th  century. Fast Facts: Christine de Pizan Known For: Early feminist thinker and influential writer in the royal court of Charles VI of FranceBorn: 1364 in Venice, ItalyDied: 1430 in Poissy, FrancePublished Works: The Book of the City of Ladies, The Treasure of the City of LadiesFamous Quote:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The man or the woman in whom resides greater virtue is the higher; neither the loftiness nor the lowliness of a person lies in the body according to the sex but in the perfection of conduct and virtues.†Ã‚  (from  The Book of the City of Ladies) Early Life Pizan was born in Venice to Tommaso di Benvenuto da Pizzano, later known by the Gallicized moniker Thomas de Pizan, in reference to the family’s origins in the town of Pizzano. Thomas was a physician, astrologer, and politician in Venice, then a republic in its own right, and accepted a posting to the French court of Charles V in 1368. His family accompanied him there. Unlike many of her contemporaries, Pizan was well educated from a young age, in large part thanks to her father, who encouraged her learning and provided access to an extensive library. The French court was highly intellectual, and Pizan absorbed it all. Wed and Widowed At the age of fifteen, Pizan  married Etienne du Castel, a court secretary. The marriage was, by all accounts, a happy one. The pair were close in age, and the marriage produced three children in ten years. Etienne encouraged Pizans intellectual and creative pursuits as well. Pizans father Thomas died in 1386, with some debts outstanding. Since Thomas had been the royal favorite, the family’s fortunes were not as bright after his death. In 1389, tragedy struck again. Etienne fell ill and died, most likely from the plague, leaving Pizan a widow with three young children. With no surviving male relatives, Pizan was left as the sole supporter of her children and her mother (and a niece, according to some sources). When she attempted to claim the salary still owed to her late husband, she was forced to engage in legal battles to get what was owed. Writer at Court The royal courts of England and Milan both expressed interest in Pizans presence, but her loyalty remained with the court where she had spent nearly her entire life. The natural decision might have been to remarry, but Pizan made the decision to not seek a second husband among the men at court. Instead, she turned to her considerable writing skill as a means to support her family. At first, Pizans  output mainly consisted of love poetry in the favored styles of the era. Several of the ballads were expressions of grief over Etienne’s passing, again highlighting the genuine affection of their marriage. Pizan was highly involved in the production of her books, and her skillful poetry and embrace of Christian morals caught the eyes of many of the wealthy, titled courtiers. Writing romantic ballads was also a crucial means of gaining patrons, given the popularity of the form. As time passed, she gained many patrons, including Louis I, Duke of Orleans, Phillip, Duke of Burgundy, Marie of Berry, and even an English earl, the Earl of Salisbury. Due to her ability to utilize these powerful patrons, Pizan  was able to navigate a time of major turmoil in the French court during the reign of Charles VI, who earned the moniker â€Å"the Mad† due to his bouts of mental illness that rendered him unfit to rule for stretches of time. Pizan also wrote many of her works for and about the French royal family. In 1404, her biography of Charles V was published, and she often dedicated pieces of writing to the royals. A 1402 work was dedicated to Queen Isabeau (Charles VI’s wife) and compared the queen to the historical queen Blanche of Castile. Literary Quarrel Pizans poetry was clearly influenced by her own experience of losing her husband and being left to fend for herself, but some poems had an unusual tone that set her apart. One poem describes a fictionalized Pizan being touched by the personification of Fortune and â€Å"changed† into a male, a literary depiction of her struggles to be her family’s breadwinner and fulfill a â€Å"male† role. This was only the start of Pizans writings on gender. In 1402, Pizan  gained attention as the instigator of a famous literary debate, the â€Å"Querelle du Roman de la Rose† or the â€Å"Quarrel of the Romance of the Rose.† The debate centered on the Romance of the Rose, written by Jean de Meun, and its harsh, misogynistic depictions of women. Pizans writings defended women from these portrayals, using her extensive knowledge of literature and rhetoric to debate at a scholarly level. The Book of the City of Ladies The work for which Pizan is best known is The Book of the City of Ladies (Le Livre de la cità © des dames). In this work and its companion, The Treasure of the City of Ladies, Pizan  created an extensive allegory in defense of women, marking her as one of the earliest Western feminist authors. The central idea of the work is the creation of a great metaphorical city, constructed by and for heroic, virtuous women throughout history. In the book, Pizans  fictionalized self has a lengthy dialogue with three ladies who are the personifications of great virtues: Reason, Rectitude, and Justice. Her rhetoric is designed to critique the oppression of women and the vulgar, misogynistic attitudes of male writers of the day. It included profiles and â€Å"examples† drawn from great women of history, as well as logical arguments against oppression and sexism. Additionally, the book exhorts women of all stations to cultivate their skills and to live well. Even in the production of her book, Pizan advanced the cause of women. The Book of the City of Ladies was produced as an illuminated manuscript, which Pizan herself oversaw. Only skilled women were employed to produce it. Political Writings During Pizans  life, the French court was in considerable turmoil, with various factions constantly vying for power and the king incapacitated much of the time. Pizans writings urged unity against a common enemy (the English, with whom the French were fighting the Hundred Years’ War) rather than civil war. Unfortunately, civil war broke out around 1407. In 1410, Pizan  published a treatise on warfare and chivalry, in which she discussed the concepts of just war, treatment of troops and prisoners, and more. Her work was balanced for her time, adhering to the contemporary concept of war as divinely ordained justice but also critiquing the cruelties and crimes committed in wartime. As her connection to the royal family remained intact, Pizan  also published The Book of Peace, her final major work, in 1413. The manuscript was dedicated to the young dauphin, Louis of Guyenne, and was filled with advice on how to govern well. In her writing, Pizan advocated against civil war and advised the prince to set an example for his subjects by being wise, just, honorable, honest, and available to his people. Later Life and Death After the French defeat at Agincourt in 1415, Pizan  stepped away from court and retired to a convent. Her writing ceased, although in 1429, she wrote a paean to Joan of Arc, the only such French-language work written in Joan’s lifetime. Christine de Pizan died at the convent in Poissy, France in 1430 at the age of 66. Legacy Christine de Pizan was one of the earliest feminist writers, defending women and placing value on the perspectives of women. Her works criticized the misogyny found in classical romances and were seen as vindications of women. After her death,  The Book of the City of Ladies remained in print, and her political writings continued to circulate as well. Later scholars, most notably Simone de Beauvoir, brought Pizans works back to prominence in the twentieth century, studying her as one of the earliest instances of women who wrote in defense of other women. Sources Brown-Grant, Rosalind. Christine de Pizan and the Moral Defence of Women. Cambridge University Press, 1999.â€Å"Christine de Pisan.† Brooklyn Museum, https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/place_settings/christine_de_pisanâ€Å"Christine de Pizan Biography.† Biography, https://www.biography.com/people/christine-de-pisan-9247589Lunsford, Andrea A., editor. Reclaiming Rhetorica: Women and in the Rhetorical Tradition.  University of Pittsburgh Press, 1995.Porath, Jason. Rejected Princesses: Tales of History’s Boldest Heroines, Hellions, and Heretics. New York: Dey Street Books, 2016.

The Battle Against Fast Food - 1272 Words

From reading all five articles, the one I would have to agree with the most would be, â€Å"The Battle Against Fast Food Begins in the Home,† by Daniel Weintraub. Weintraub stated that if we are looking for someone to blame about our child obesity rate increasing in extreme amounts and our exercising rate decreasing, we should blame the guardians of the kids. To be more specific, if you have obese children, stop blaming them about their problem. Start to blame yourself. You are the cause to their problem by not teaching them that eating healthy is super important. My main reason why I truly believe that the parents are the ones to blame for children being obese, is because in the end they are the ones in charge of seeing what their children will eat at home. The parents are the ones that go grocery shopping. They decide what they will buy, not the children. It could be nutritional food, full of vitamins and proteins. If not then, it’s the easy way out. Meaning they buy chips, candy, and sugary drinks. in paragraph five of Weintraub’s article it included that, â€Å"It’s the fault of parents who let their kids eat unhealthy foods and sit in front of the television or computer for hours at a time.† If only the parents would teach their children to care about what they eat or that exercising is important, we wouldn’t have this problem. Don’t try to teach your children that eating healthy is important when they are teenagers, I am more than sure that they won’t care evenShow MoreRelatedThe Arguement of Parental Responsibility to Teach Health Habits in â€Å"The Battle Against Fast Food Begins in the Home,† Daniel Weintraub512 Words   |  3 Pagesarticle â€Å"The Battle Against Fast Food Begins in the Home,† Daniel Weintraub argues that it is the parents, not anybody else, who are responsible for teaching kids healthy eating and exercise habits. He also states that, â€Å"It’s the fault of the parents who let their kids eat unhealthy foods and sit in front of the television or computer for hours at a time.† His argument that parents are to blame for childhood obesity is correct to a certain extent but he fails to realize that fast food company’s marketingRead MoreThe Effects Of Advertising On Children s Obesity Rate1056 Words   |  5 PagesAdvertising on Children ’s Obesity Rate It has come down to this, there is an obesity epidemic. It s like people can’t stop themselves from eating so much. Well, I guess eating isn t necessarily the big problem here... It s the type of food that people are consuming, fast food. America tops the list of world s most obese countries. It s just sad and something needs to be done about it. The worst part is that there are so many children being affected by obesity. According to CDC (Centers for Disease Control)Read MoreDaniel Weintraub Essay962 Words   |  4 PagesVictor Camacho Jr. 11/10/12 EXP WRIT P.1 WEINTRAUB The Battle against fast food begins at home ESSAY According to his article, â€Å"The Battle Against Fast Food Begins In The Home†, the author, columnist and blogger Daniel Weintraub, argues parents, not fast-food companies or the government are responsible for their childs health and well being. Weintraub supports this claim by providing data from the Center For Public Health Advocacy on the subject of overweight schoolchildren, State lawRead MoreSubway Case Analysis Essay1296 Words   |  6 Pagesthe state of Connecticut. (Subway History, 2006). A turning point for the partners was 1974, at this juncture the duo decided to take the business to a new level, franchising. Fast forward to 2006 Subway franchises now total more than 25,000 restaurants in 83 countries. Market Summary In a crowded US fast food market, the Subway brand risen to fill a key niche amongst consumers who were driven by panicked media coverage of the rapid rise in obesity. Subway marketing has been marketingRead MoreThe Effects Of Fast Food On Children991 Words   |  4 Pagesthat falls into the trap of fast food advertisement. Overall, the fast food industry should be more socially responsible and not direct their marketing strategy of unhealthy food choices to children; this will cut down the percentage of children suffering from childhood obesity that leads to various health issues. One might object here, that it is a free market and freedom of speech is part of the U.S. Constitution. However, everyone has a different opinion about fast food and boudaries must be respectedRead MoreWhat Are Millennials Are In Danger?1735 Words   |  7 PagesMillennials Are In Danger Technology is largely responsible for the cause of the obesity epidemic amongst young adolescents, whereas food runs at a close second in being responsible for the continuous problem. In the 70s, technology did not exist and all children had were each other for their entertainment, physical activities, and peer interactions. The food back then wasn’t highly processed or contained with lots of sugar, individuals would portion out their meals with correct amount of meat andRead MoreHow to Survive on the Paycheck of a Fastfood Worker Essay670 Words   |  3 Pagesof restaurants that beckon it’s beholders to become part of the great family that is the fast food industry. In fact, to the common eye, the industry seems optimistic, a venue of opportunity – at least for the meanwhile – and an environment of simplistic means. Hardly ever do you hear about the costs of bearing the franchised uniform. Perhaps the largest threat to any employee behind the counter of a fast food restaurant is the paycheck. Thousands of workers struggle to survive on their minimal payRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Obesity895 Words   |  4 Pagesespecially in America.It is obvious we are losing the battle against obesity. Combating obesity and its numerous illnesses will not require more drugs to lower cholesterol, diet books. It will require rethinking our environment.Other measures need to be taken to tackle this international epidemic. Addressing this issue is no easy task,Several experts have suggested implementing a junk food tax by the government. This would provide funding to regulate junk food, it is advertising, and many other areas improvingRead MoreThe Evolution Of Public Health829 Words   |  4 Pagesnon-communicable diseases became our problem. Yet, we continue to see microbes fighting back. This is evident in our foods, waters, nosocomical infections, and bioterrorism, to name a few. Therefore, confronted with all these factors, it is impossible to determine how prepared we are for the next pandemic. Back in the early days of travel, it took months to travel across continents on food, animals, or boats, which means that if one is infected with a communicable disease, by the time it reach the unsuspectingRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Obesity Essay913 Words   |  4 Pagesespecially in America.It is obvious we are losing the battle against obesity. Combating obesity and its numerous illnesses will not require more drugs to lower cholesterol, diet books. It will require rethinking our environment.Other measures need to be taken to tackle this international epidemic. Addressing this issue is no easy task,Several experts have suggested implementing a junk food tax by the government. This would provide funding to regulate junk food, it is advertising, and many other areas improving

Operations Management Long Term Expansion Strategies

+ Operation Management + Strategies for Capacity Planning/ Substantial Expansion K.J.Sanjit Roll No#59 PGPME-14, Great lakes IEMR, Gurgaon + INDEX Table of Contents K.J.Sanjit Roll No: 59 PGPME-14, GLIEMR INTRODUCTION SUMMARY .............................................................. 3 CHAPTER#1: CAPACITY PLANNING ..................................................... 4 Break-even analysis ........................................................................................................... 4 Long-term capacity planning on the basis of different variables ....................................... 6 CHAPTER#2: CAPACITY EXPANSION STRATEGIES ................................. 8 Capacity leading demand strategy†¦show more content†¦While doing the planning, not only the actual costs like- production, infrastructure, logistics and inventory costs, but also the opportunity costs for lost sales due to inability to supply on time and revenue gains due to quick response should also be taken into account. Many companies falters in their strategies by focusing only on the actual costs and the costs for upgradation while ignoring the opportunity costs, thus losing the opportunity to make more profits and improve market share. Many a times they even lose the current market and lag behind with increasing competition. A strategist should also consider the demand patterns as well as current supply capabilities. The infrastructure and production costs can be brought down by producing those products together, which have countercyclical patterns of demand, by sharing the facilities of an external resource or companies and by changing the demand time pattern. vï  ¶ Break-even analysis: Break-even analysis is a technique, which is used for evaluating process and equipment alternatives. In other words it helps to evaluate whether the capacity expansion would be a beneficial option for the company or not, and how long will it take to recover the money required for the expansion. The objective for the break-even analysis is to find the point in in terms of money and units at which the cost equals revenue. It requires estimation of fixed cost, variable costs and revenues involved inShow MoreRelatedSwot Analysis Of Pepsico1602 Words   |  7 PagesFocusing more on operations management which is a key core to operating a successful company like PepsiCo. Significantly the mission statement of this company states â€Å"As one of the largest food and beverage companies in the world, our mission is to provide consumers around the world with delicious, affordable, convenient and complementary foods and beverages from wholesome breakfasts to healthy and fun daytime snacks and beverages to evening treats. We are committed to investing in our people, ourRead MoreStrategy Management : Multinational Corporations And Other Industries Essay1366 Words   |  6 PagesHU-ID- 147651 ASSIGNMENT-6 Strategy management in organizations: Multinational corporations and other industries have strategic management departments set up in order to design and implement strategies. Strategic management is formed with managers from various teams and with several years of experience. The best thing about the strategic management team is that refer to previous years of data and history of the organization in designing the strategies. Strategy management team in an organization isRead MoreGate Turnaround at Southwest Airlines1129 Words   |  5 Pagescompletion of the chain from order to delivery. Long-term capacity planning is also an essential part of strategic operations management and is vital to the success of an organization. Operations managers must be prepared for fluctuations that may occur at any given time. In planning and implementing a capacity strategy, multiple factors must be considered to provide flexibility to make decisions that produce a continual flow of operation. The factors consist of: * Cushion variable forRead MoreCase Study Analysis Lincoln Electric: Venturing Abroad1533 Words   |  7 Pagesfounders, developed unique management techniques that effectively motivated the employees. These management techniques were implemented as an unusual (for the era) structure of compensation and benefits called incentive management. The incentive management system consisted of four key areas: factory jobs based solely on piecework output; a year-end bonus that could equal or exceeded an individuals regular pay; guaranteed employment; and limited benefits. Management successors to James LincolnRead MoreColoplast AS1555 Words   |  7 PagesColoplast Case Executive Summary Coloplast has been in operations in Denmark for nearly 60 years. The company specializes in producing medical devices such as disposable ostomy bags, antifungal cremes cleansers and moisturizers. For 42 years, all Coloplast operations were contained within Denmark, however 97% of its revenue was generated by exporting its products beyond its national borders. In 1999 the company changed its philosophy and began to investigate off shoring its production facilitiesRead MoreChange Management1210 Words   |  5 Pagesfurther planned expansion in Brazil, Russia, India China (BRIC Countries). This project would lead to a short-term change in the organization. XYZ, Inc.’s plan to expand its business in other BRIC Countries depends on the success of its first international store in Shanghai. The lessons learnt from the opening of first store, positive or negative, will be applied in the long term expansion of the company in BRIC countries, which entails long term changes in the organization. The long term changes forRead MoreFinancial Research Report On Financial Management1711 Words   |  7 Pageswealth maximization (Brigham Ehrhardt, 2014).† In today’s economy being an effective financial manager is no easy task. Therefore, possession of strong analytical skills, continued education, and a thorough understanding of the stock market and strategies used are essential in making informed investment decisions. This paper will provide a brief overview on stocks, publicly traded companies, and demonstrate the skills and techniques used by financial managers to select, analyze, and make recommendationsRead MoreFriedaâ₠¬â„¢s Fizz Balanced Scorecard Analysis1153 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract A balanced scorecard is a tool to provide management a way to bridge the gap between the organization’s strategy and vision and the operational processes used to do business. It enables the company to look at more than just the financial targets, but to include nonfinancial measures such as customer service, internal business processes and more. These intangible measures provide better focus on the organization’s long-term strategies. This paper is an attempt to analyze Frieda Fizz decisionRead MoreImpact Of Langham s Proposed International Expansion773 Words   |  4 Pages1. What are the significant driving forces for Langham s proposed international expansion? (refer to the driving forces found in the journal article for this week) The significant driving forces for Langham’s proposed international expansion included cost drivers, market drivers, and competitive drivers. The cost drivers were based in the desire of the Langham group wanting regain control over the various back office services, which includes the ability to have decision making power on issues thatRead MoreDeveloping Layout Strategies1505 Words   |  7 PagesProduction and Operations Management Chapter 9: Developing Layout Strategies Submitted in partial completion of the requirements For the course Production and Operations Management Submitted by: Dote, Jane Frances A. Submitted to: Dr. Pedrito A. Salvador January 29, 2011 2nd Term, School Year 2010-2011 PRODUCTION AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT CHAPTER 9: DEVELOPING LAYOUT STRATEGIES The objective of office layout strategy is to develop a cost-effective layout that meets a firm’s competitive

The Enviromnetal Degradation As A Result free essay sample

Of Overpopulation Essay, Research Paper 1 Introduction There are merely excessively many people on our planet, and the population is non demoing any marks of decelerating down ( see Figure 1 ) . It is holding black effects on our environment. There are excessively many deductions and interrelatednesss to discourse in this paper, but the three substances that our Earth consists of: land, H2O and air, are being destroyed. Our woods are being cut down at an alarming rate, bearing tremendous impacts on the wellness of Earth. Our oceans and seas are being polluted and overfished. Our ambiance is injected with increasing sums of C dioxide, which hurts the full planet. All of these jobs can be traced to our vast, quickly spread outing population, which has stressed our universe far excessively greatly. Our Population In 1994, the universe population was 5 602 800 000. This population had a doubling clip of merely forty-one old ages ( De Blij and Muller, 1994, p. 527 ) . The monolithic sum of people has had extremely destructive impacts on the Earth? s environment. These impacts occur on two degrees: planetary and local. On the planetary degree, there is the accretion of green house gases that deplete the ozone bed, the extinction of species, and a planetary nutrient deficit. On the local degree, there is eroding of dirts ( and the loss of flora ) , the depletion of H2O supply, and toxification of the air and H2O. The Earth is dynamic though, all of these facets are interrelated, and no one impact is wholly isolated. All of these destructive elements can be traced to our tremendous population. As the population additions, so make all of the economic, societal, and technological impacts. The construct of impulse of population growing is one that must be considered. It states that countries with traditionally high birthrate rates will hold a really immature construction age. Therefore, a lessening in the birthrate rate will still ensue in a greater absolute figure of births, 2 as there are more possible female parents. Populations are really slow in seting to lessenings in birthrate rates. This is particularly scaring when sing that South Asia has a population of 1 204 600 000 ( and a doubling clip of 30 two old ages ) , Subsaharan Africa has 528 000 000 ( duplicating clip: 30 one old ages ) , and North Africa/Southwest Asia has 448 100 000 ( duplicating clip: 20 seven old ages ) ( De Blij and Muller, 1994, p. 529-531 ) and all of these countries have traditionally high birthrate rates. Although 3rd universe states do hold a far larger population than industrialised states, and the tendency is invariably increasing, their populations should non bear the duty for our population-enduced degrading environment. The impact we make on the biosphere is sometimes expressed mathematically by ecological economic experts as I = PAT. I being impact, P population, A richness ( ingestion ) , and T engineering ( environmentally bad engineering ) ( Ehrlich and Ehrlich, 1990, p.24 ) . Concern sing population additions frequently focuses on the 3rd universe, since it is at that place that growing is exponential. Yet, it is necessary to acknowledge that people are by no agencies equal or identical in their ingestion, and therefore their impact on the environment ( see Map 2 ) . 3 Our Forests ? The sky is held up by the trees. If the forest disappears the sky, which is the roof of the universe prostrations. Nature and adult male perish together. ? Amerindian fable Forests are a cherished nexus in the life systems of our planet. They are a portion of these critical ecosystem services without which Earth would non hold been habitable by the human species in the first topographic point and would surely hold become inhabitable once more. Forests have important functions in the C, N, and O rhythms that nourish and sustain life on Earth. They protect the water partings that support agriculture and influence clime and rainfall ( Lindahl-Kiessling, 1994, p.167 ) . They save the dirt from eroding and are home to 1000s of species, and forest peoples whose lives depend on them. They are besides a beginning for industrial and medical intents. In developing states, much deforestation is for both local intents and for export. The UNFPA ( United Nations Fund for Population Activities ) said in it? s 1990 study that population growing may hold been responsible for every bit much as 80 per centum of the forest land cleared between 1971 and 1986 to do room for agribusiness, cowss ranching, houses, roads and industries ( Ramphal, 1992, p.55 ) . It is estimated that in that period about 60 million hectares of forest were converted to farmland and a similar sum of wood was put to non-agricultural utilizations. This is tantamount to the mass of 12 hundred square meters of wood added to the population ( Ramphal, 1992, p. 57 ) . Quite frequently, countries of forest were cleared in such a manner ( ex. : cut and burn ) that they will neer turn back. After a forest country has been converted to croping lands or intensive agriculture, the dirt will merely prolong it for a few old ages. Then the land is left lifeless. The increasing demand for fuel wood as populations expand is another of import factor taking to deforestation. In most developing countries, wood is the primary beginning of fuel. In many of these countries, the demand for fuel wood is lifting at about the rate of population growing, and in front of the devastation committed by lumbermans ( see Figure 2 ) 4 ( Hardaway, 1994, p.201 ) . Peoples are distributing out farther and farther to make fresh forested countries to run into their fuel demands. It should besides be noted that when wood is unavailable, carnal droppings is burned for fuel. This diverts a great value of nutrition from the dirt. Developed states deplete their woods at a rate that is merely as alarming, and are a great beginning of the demand for wood from developing states. The primary usage of this wood is for industrial intents, i.e. the building of goods and capital goods. Again, the ingestion of persons here is far greater than those in the 3rd universe, so their impacts are non much different overall. The decrease of forest land possesses two chief environmental dangers. Forests are great natural depositories of C. Trees breathe in C dioxide and shop it, moving as C reservoirs. As such, they are priceless agents in maintaining the degree of C in the ambiance stable. As woods are destroyed worldwide, particularly by firing, C dioxide is released into the air, adding to the stock of nursery gases that are now warming our planet and altering its clime. The adverse of this negative consequence of forest loss on clime is the positive function of woods in modulating the ambiance and climate through their life-support services ( see Tables 1 and 2 ) ( Ramphal, 1992, 69 ) . Forest land is besides the universe? s chief depot of species, the workss, animate beings, birds, and insects with which Earth has been blessed. Tropical woods expand approximately between ten grades North and South of the equator. In a little part of the Earth lies about half of Earth? s biological species, many endemic. The rapid rate of deforestation is wipe outing our bio-diversity. Desertification is closely related with deforestation. Again, woods are rather frequently cleared in an particularly destructive mode, rendering them lifeless. This finally leaves the land waste. Agricultural force per unit areas are the other premier population-enduced beginning of 5 desertification. Increasing populations in developing states drive people into desiccant and desiccant parts to farm. Trying to farm in countries that are already hapless or unsuitable may damage the dirts irreparably. Another indirect cause is as population additions in these small towns, so does the figure of caprine animals, which are a beginning of meat and milk. The caprine animals ( which multiply quickly as good ) are left to roll the countryside, and gnaw the dirts greatly while making so ( Lourdes, 1994, p.376 ) ( see Map 1 ) . Our woods are priceless resource to all. Not merely for the wood, but as they maintain life on Earth. They are go oning to be destroyed at a rate that will non allow their return when humanity recognize its mistakes. Our woods are possibly the most threatened facet of Earth as a consequence of population growing, and the 1 that we can least afford to lose. 6 Our Oceans Axial rotation on, thou deep and dark bluish Ocean # 8212 ; axial rotation! Ten 1000 fleets sweep over thee in vain ; Man marks the Earth with ruin # 8211 ; his control Michigans with the shore. from Childe Harold, by Byron In the early 1990? s, the province of the universe? s piscaries made headlines. Many coastal countries of North America have tried to restrict their gimmicks, or hold them all together. It has been recognized that farther harvest home could destruct a valuable nutrient resource and aquatic bio-diversity. Our population growing has begun to out gait that of the aquatic life. These stairss against huge ocean harvest home are change by reversaling the tendency of recent decennaries. A planetary seafood crop of 20 two million dozenss in 1950 increased to one hundred million dozenss in 1989 ( see Figure 3 ) ( Brown, 1994, p. 82 ) . For the mean individual, seafood ingestion doubled. All of this did non occur without effects. The U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization concluded that 17 of the universe? s major fishing parts are presently harvested at or beyond their capacity, and nine are in a province of diminution ( Ramphal, 1992, p. 35 ) . A deficiency of proper direction will merely take to farther. As the idea of a hereafter planetary nutrient deficit looms, overfishing could go particularly destructive. Whereas overfishing is a direct method of humanity and overpopulation consuming fish stocks worldwide, pollution is an indirect manner. The Aral Sea between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan yielded 40 thousand dozenss of seafood in 1960 ( Brown and Kane, 1994, p. 94 ) . The river that fed it was diverted for irrigation. The sea became progressively salty, and is now biologically dead. Approximately one tierce of the universe population lives within 60 kilometers of a coastline ( Ehrlich and Ehrlich, 1970, p.125 ) . This obviously leaves the oceans and lakes vulnerable to a great trade of pollution ( see Map 1 ) . The run-off of H2O tainted with phosphates from fertilisers is a major subscriber. In many developing counties ( and to a lesser extent, developed states ) unprocessed sewerage 7 and industrial waste is pumped or dumped straight into riv Ers and oceans. Global heating besides has an consequence on the universe? s piscaries. The increased extremist violet beams that enter our ambiance kill phytoplankton in the Arctic by an increased 20 per centum ( Brown and Kane, 1994, p. 118 ) . These are a great resource of marine production, as they are the beginning of the aquatic nutrient concatenation. As populations of many municipalities grow, their sewerage intervention installations are rapidly outgrown. Industry grows every bit good, spiting a huge array of contaminations into our H2O supply: lead, detergents, sulphuric acid, hydrofluoric acid, phenols, benzines, ammonium hydroxide and so on ( Ehrlich and Ehrlich, 1970, p.203 ) . As population and industry grow, so does the demand for increased agricultural production. This consequences in a heavier water-borne burden of pesticides, weedkillers and nitrates. A consequence is the spread of pollution in watercourses, rivers, lakes and along coasts. This spread of pollution is non confined to merely these parts, as it besides enters the groundwater where purification is about impossible. The oceans are a cherished beginning of nutrient. If they were lost, there would be a greater focal point on agribusiness. Agricultural streeses are already destroying the planet. Therefore, the oceans must be carefully monitored, to guarantee that they are non being overexploited. Pollution into H2O is besides destructing the fish and aqua civilization. This could take to a great loss of the planet? s bio-diversity. That in itself has untold effects. 8 Our Atmosphere Think how the Crown of Earth? s creative activity Will slay that which gave him birth, Rending out the slow uterus of Earth from The Golden Gate, by Vikram Seth The H2O vapor and C dioxide of course present in our atmosphere absorb and block merely plenty get awaying heat to maintain the planet at an mean temperature of 15 grades Celsius ( Ramphal, 1992, p. 97 ) . As the sum of C dioxide in the ambiance increases, more and more heat is kept in. Carbon dioxide is besides the gas emitted when we burn fossil fuels ; therefore an addition in the sum of dodo fuel burned consequences in more C dioxide in the environment. We besides add new nursery gases like CFC? s which are compounds of our ain devising. Together, these two groups of emanations, produced chiefly by developed states, history for some 80 per centum of planetary heating ( Arizpe, 1994. p.12 ) . Carbon dioxide emanations and CFC? s are removed really easy from the environment. The Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change warned that? even if all human made emanations of C dioxide were halted by the twelvemonth 1990, about one half of the addition in C vitamin D! ioxide concentration caused by human activities would still be apparent in 2100? ( Ramphal, 1992, p. 119 ) . Carbon dioxide histories for half of planetary heating, and fossil fuels account for two-thirds of manmade C dioxide ( Ehrlich and Ehrlich, 1970, p.134 ) . The ingestion of energy from fossil fuels. Coal, oil, and natural gas used for industrial, commercial, residential, transit and other intents consequences in big emanations. Therefore, the energy sector histories for about half of planetary heating, 40 six per centum. Industry through CFC? s, histories for about another one-fourth, twenty four per centum. The staying one-fourth or so is shared by forestry, through deforestation, and by agribusiness 9 through methane from farm animal and rice cultivation ( Ramphal, 1992, p. 201 ) . With action to phase out CFC? s already spurred by the dismay over depletion of the ozone bed, it is clearly the ingestion of energy from fossil fuels that attending must be focused on if humanity is to face up to the deductions of planetary heating ( see Map 2 ) . Highly caustic sulphuric acids and azotic acids are formed when oxides of S and N combine with H2O vapor in the air ( Lourdes, 1994, p.158 ) . These oxides are spewed out as gases chiefly by electricity-generating workss, smelters, and industrial boilers that burn coal and oil. Nitrogen oxides besides come from car fumes. The acids return to earth in rain, snow, and fog, and are besides deposited straight from the air and trees. The pollutants travel long distances on prevailing air currents, of class taking no history of national boundary lines, so that the S dioxide produced in one state frequently ends up in another. Many polluted countries rainfall in the universe can fall every bit low as 3.5 on the pH graduated table, which is between the acerb content of apple juice and lemon juice ( Ehrlich and Ehrlich, 1990, p.182 ) . Most fish dice at pH degrees below five. Therefore, many lakes and watercourses around to a great extent polluted countries are left without fish. Even at 3.5, which is the OECD norm, we are accepting rain that is a hundred more times acidic than it should be ( Brown, 1994, p.182 ) . Not merely fish and lakes and rivers are deceasing, but woods as good. The IPCC estimated that if emanations of nursery gases continues to turn as presently projected, planetary mean temperatures will increase at the rate of about 0.3 grades Celsius each decennary over the following century, which is a rate of addition greater than that of all time seen over the past 10 1000 old ages ( Ramphal, 1992, p. 77 ) . These predicted alterations seem little, but are really of great magnitude. A rise of even a grade or two could hold terrible reverberations, changing forms of rainfall, escalating drouth, raising the sea degree, doing inundations and storms, and impacting agriculture, the handiness of nutrient, and 10 wellness ( Ramphal, 1992, p. 77 ) . What nature has tried to convey about over millenary may be achieved in four decennaries. It may besides look that this gradual heating may profit states in the upper latitudes, but in the long tally at that place would be no victors. These alterations will be to sudden for ecosystems to get by. The addition of nursery gases into our ambiance could besides speed up the terminal of life on Earth. The depletion of the ozone harms virtually all facets of life. The woods are the lone factor maintaining this under some grade of control, and they are being destroyed. The ozone bed has shown recent marks of convalescence, and it is perfectly necessary. 11 Decisions Humanity is engendering itself into a corner. If population growing continues on its current way, ecosystems will be subjected to greater and greater emphasiss of assorted kinds. Since the universe is so dynamic, and all the types of impacts made on the environment, including those non straight mentioned in this paper, are interrelated, fault can non genuinely be laid on any one subdivision of the universe. Not on the developing states with the bulk of the population and fastest growing, nor the developed states whose richness extremely exceeds that of those in the developing states. A conjunct attempt will be required by all states to minimise their impacts. The primary end for most developing states should be to cut down their birthrate rates. This will necessitate a great trade of birth control and household planning. Medical demands and engineerings will besides be required to better conditions so that households do non experience the demand to hold every bit many kids. There is a minor fright that if conditions are improved excessively greatly, that these people will seek and obtain the richness of those in the developed states, and potentially go even more destructive towards the environment. Developed states must seek to cut down both their richness and ( environmentally bad ) engineering. Government ordinances must go stricter sing the impacts made on the environment by all sectors of the economic system ( industrial, residential, etc. ) . Economicss is closely associated with population related environmental debasement. With the increased population comes an addition in demand for perfectly everything. Industries compete to acquire their merchandises and services out at the lowest possible cost, frequently without much respect towards the environment. Overpopulation of our planet could turn out to be cataclysmal. The following few coevalss may populate in a universe that is far, far worse off than we presently are. If society 12 is to go on along it? s current tendencies, the environment will fall in, and drag humanity with it. It will merely non be plenty to seek and better engineering. Birth rates must be drastically cut, in a the most humanist manner possible. Merely concentrating on one specific facet of these impacts will non do other. The biosphere is woven in a really complicated mode. We are unknoting it rapidly, and it must be stopped to continue Earth in all its beauty. 20 1. Arizpe, Lourdes. Population and Environment. Boulder: Westview Press, 1994. 2. Brown, Lester and Kane, Hal. Full House. New York: Norton and Co. , 1994. 3. De Blij, H.J. and Muller, Peter O. Geography: Realms, Regions and Concepts. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1994. 4. Ehrlich, Paul and Ehrlich, Anne. Population Explosion. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990. 5. Ehrlich, Paul and Ehrlich, Anne. Population Resources Environment. San Francisco: Wilt Freeman and Co. , 1970. 6. Hardaway, Robert. Population, Law, and Environment. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994. 7. Lindahl-Kiessling, Kerstin. Population, Economy, Development and Environment. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994. 8. Lutz, Wolfgang. The Future Population of the World. London: Earthscan Publications Ltd. , 1994 ) 9. Ramphal, Shridath. Our State, The Planet. London: Lime Tree, 1992. 10. Schlaepfer, Rudolph. Long Term Implications of Climate Change and Air Pollution on Forest Ecosystems. Vienna: IUFRO, 1994. 11. Stanford, Quentin H. Canadian Oxford World Atlas. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1993. Table OF CONTENTS Introduction1 Our Population 1 Our Forests 3 Our Oceans 6 Our Atmosphere 8 Decisions 11 Bibliography 20 List OF FIGURES Figure 1 13 Toatal Projected Population 1990 # 8211 ; 2100 Harmonizing to Scenario Figure 2 16 Time Series of Fuelwood and Charcoal Production Figure 3 17 World Fish Catch, 1950 -1992 Map 1 18 Environmental Damage Map 2 19 Global Heating List OF TABLES Table 1 14 Effectss of Global Warming Table 2 15 Certainty of Climatic Change and It? s Direct Effectss on Vegetation